A back-end protocol refers to communication standards and protocols for enabling connectivity between an electric vehicle (EV) charging station and the central management system (CMS). We previously discussed front-end protocols between the EV and the charging station in a separate FAQ.
Figure 1 illustrates how front-end and back-end protocols are arranged in a V2G ecosystem. The CMS can be the back-end software responsible for the communication and operations of EV charging stations. It acts as the server in a client-server model, where the charging stations are the clients.
Figure 1. A simplified EV charging ecosystem showing the front-end and back-end protocols. (Image: Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D.)
Do reliable industry experts and partners back this protocol?
Yes! There are several back-end protocols in the V2G charging industry, which are as follows:
- Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) is a widely used protocol for managing EVs and CMS and is accepted by many countries globally. The recent protocol version has integrated new features, such as security, authorization, and metering. Although not backed by a dedicated standards organization such as IEC or IEEE, it is a robust protocol, and the future looks promising.
- IEC 63110 is a dedicated standard supported by industry experts and academic researchers. The standard is still in its development stage but is open to modification by the public. Interoperability is one of the key features of this standard.
- Open InterCharge Protocol (OICP) facilitates the interoperability of charging infrastructure and services for EVs and was initiated in 2012. E-roaming is a featured talk of the protocol that helps the service providers and charge point operators share information and services.
- Open Automated Demand Response (Open ADR) is a communication standard that plays an essential role in the EV ecosystem by enabling automated and secure two-way communication between electricity providers, system operators, and end-users.
- IEEE 2030.5 can be used in EV charging to facilitate communication between EVs, charging stations, and the electrical grid. It is also known as the Smart Energy Profile 2.0, enabling smart charging capabilities. This standard is designed to support the integration of distributed energy resources, including EVs, into the grid.
- EEBus is another lesser-known protocol that is similar to IEEE 2030.5. The protocol can be used in EV charging to enable smart and efficient energy management by facilitating communication between EVs, charging stations, and energy management systems within homes and buildings.
Figure 2 assesses the various EV back-end protocols regarding Openness, Interoperability, Maturity, and Market Adoption based on the research findings published in Springer Open.
Figure 2. An assessment of the various EV back-end protocols based on a research by Myriam Neaimeh et al., Springer Open. (Image: Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D.)
What are the benefits of implementing this protocol for EV charging infrastructure?
A back-end protocol for EV charging offers several benefits, as seen in Figure 3. These benefits are explained briefly below.
Figure 3. Benefits of EV V2G back-end protocol for EV charging infrastructure. (Image: Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D.)
Smart charging capabilities
Smart charging optimizes charging by efficiently managing power delivery to EVs. This helps stabilize the grid and enhances the overall charging experience for users.
Integration with industry standards
Back-end protocols like the OCPP can also work with other established protocols, both front-end and back-end, like ISO 15118, to follow industry standards. Such an approach can ensure compatibility and future-proofing the charging network.
Remote management
Charging stations can be remotely controlled with the help of cloud infrastructures. Such a system allows for adding new devices, monitoring operations, updating firmware, and resolving issues. As manual interference is unnecessary, it can boost the efficiency of the EV ecosystem and reduce overall costs.
Dynamic load management
Dynamic load management can help balance power distribution among charging stations and avoid the burden on the grid during peak times. This feature is crucial for residential charging and fleet electrification for efficient energy use and grid stability.
Charging analytics and reporting
Access to charging analytics and reporting tools allows for better decision-making and scaling of the charging network. Partners can be onboarded effectively, enhancing the network’s reach and usability.
Personalization and branding
Some providers offer branding options, allowing businesses to maintain their brand identity across the charging network, enhancing brand recognition and customer loyalty.
Summary
In the V2G EV ecosystem, a back-end protocol comprises a set of communication standards and protocols between EV charging stations and the CMS. These protocols are necessary for managing the flow of information and ensuring interoperability between different components of the V2G system. They enable functionalities such as remote monitoring and management of charging stations, dynamic load management, billing, and integrating renewable energy sources.
References
- Mind the gap- open communication protocols for vehicle grid integration, Springer Open
- ‘Evaluation of OCPP and IEC 61850 for Smart Charging Electric Vehicles, MDPI
- EV charging backend platform checklist – 6 most important features to consider, AMPECO
- How to select a backend service provider for EV charging business, Virta
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Filed Under: Charging, FAQs, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)